An axial T2-FLAIR image shows disproportionate bilateral hippocampal atrophy (E, arrowheads) in a patient with a suspected neurodegenerative dementia with features potentially consistent with mixed Alzheimer disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Axial T2-FLAIR image reveals right temporal cortical swelling and T2-hyperintensity (D, arrowheads) in a patient with genetically confirmed mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS). An axial T2-FLAIR image reveals bilateral confluent T2-hyperintensity in the subcortical white matter (C, arrowheads) in a patient with HIV-associated leukoencephalopathy. Axial T2-FLAIR image reveals bilateral splenium T2-hyperintensity (B, left panel, arrowheads) with multifocal punctate enhancement (B, right panel, arrowheads) in a patient with primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma. Note in retrospect the fullness/enlargement of the affected region, possibly suggesting some mass effect. A T2-weighted axial fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (T2-FLAIR) image reveals a left mesial temporal lobe T2-hyperintensity and swelling (A, arrowhead) in a patient with an anaplastic astrocytoma.
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